T91 gami karfe bututu

T91 alloy karfe bututu ne wani nau'i na karfe bututu, T91 karfe ne sabon nau'i martensitic zafi juriya karfe ci gaba da hadin gwiwa ta Amurka ta kasa kamar Tree Ridge dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma Amurka burning injiniya kamfanin karfe kayan dakin gwaje-gwaje. Yana rage abun ciki na carbon bisa ga 121MoV karfe, ƙuntatawa ƙuntatawa na sulfur, phosphorus, ƙara ƙananan adadin vanadium, niobium abubuwa don alloying. Dangane da ASTM213 / A213M-85C, tsarin sinadarai na karfe na T91 yana cikin tebur na 1. Karfe na Jamus wanda ya dace da karfe na T91 shine X10CrMoVNNb91, karfe na Japan shine HCM95, kuma Faransa shine TUZ10CDVNb0901. Table 1% na sinadarai na karfe na T91

T91 gami karfe bututun abubuwa abun ciki

A 0.08-0.12

m 0,30-0,60

A ≤0.02

A ≤0.01

Si 0.20-0.50

CR 8.00-9.50

Mo 0.85-1.05

V 0,18-0,25

N.B. 0.06-0.10

N 0.03-0.07

Ni ≤0.40

T91 karfe daban-daban alloy abubuwa wasa karfe karfi karfi, karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe karfe

① Carbon ne mafi bayyane abu a karfe mai karfi karfi, tare da karuwar abun ciki na carbon, karfe na gajeren lokaci ƙarfi ya tashi, roba, ƙarfi ya ragu, ga irin T91 martensitic karfe, karuwar abun ciki na carbon zai hanzarta carbide sphericalization da tarawa gudun, hanzarta sake rarraba kayan haɗin gwiwa, rage walda, lalata da antioxidation karfe, don haka zafi juriya karfe gabaɗaya suna son rage abun ciki na carbon, amma abun ciki na carbon yana da ƙarancin yawa, karfe ƙarfi zai rage. Karfe na T91 yana da ƙarancin carbon na 20% idan aka kwatanta da karfe na 12Cr1MoV, wanda aka yanke shawara ta hanyar la'akari da tasirin abubuwan da aka ambata a sama.

② T91 karfe dauke da trace nitrogen, aikin nitrogen yana nunawa a bangarori biyu. A gefe guda taka rawar karfafa mai karfi, nitrogen a karfe yana da ƙananan karfin zafi, T91 karfe bayan walda zafi tasiri yankin a lokacin walda dumama da kuma walda bayan zafi magani, zai bayyana da karfi mai karfi da kuma fallout tsari: lokacin walda dumama da aka kafa austenitic tissue a cikin zafi tasiri yankin saboda VN narkewa, nitrogen abun ciki ya karu, bayan haka da yawa saturation matakin a cikin karfe zafi tissue ya karu, a baya walda bayan zafi magani akwai kananan VN fallout, wanda ya kara tissue kwanciyar hankali, inganta karfin karfi darajar yankin zafi tasiri. A gefe guda, karfe na T91 yana ƙunshe da ƙananan adadin A1, nitrogen zai iya samar da A1N tare da shi, A1N a sama da 1 100 ° C ne kawai ya narke da yawa a cikin jiki, yana sake fitarwa a ƙananan zafin jiki, yana iya wasa mafi kyawun sakamakon karfafa.

② Ƙara chromium ne yafi inganta zafi juriya karfe antioxidation, lalata juriya iya, lokacin da chromium abun ciki kasa da 5%, 600 ℃ fara karfi oxidation, kuma chromium abun ciki ya kai 5% yana da kyau antioxidation juriya. 12Cr1MoV karfe yana da kyau antioxidant a kasa da 580 ℃, lalata zurfin ne 0.05 mm / a, 600 ℃ lokacin da yi fara zama mummunan, lalata zurfin ne 0.13 mm / a. T91 chromium abun ciki ya inganta zuwa kimanin 9%, amfani da zafin jiki zai iya kai 650 ° C, babban mataki shine sa ƙarin chromium ya narke a cikin substrate.

Vanadium da niobium duka ne karfi carbide samar da abubuwa, bayan da aka kara iya samar da karami da kuma kwanciyar hankali alloy carbide tare da carbon, yana da karfi yaduwa karfafa sakamako.

② Ƙara molybdenum ne yafi don inganta karfe zafi karfi, taka rawar karfafa mai karfi.

2.2 Tsarin zafi

Tsarin zafi na karshe na T91 shine wuta mai kyau + zafi mai zafi, zafin jiki na wuta mai kyau shine 1040 ℃, lokacin kogewa ba kasa da mintuna 10 ba, zafin jiki na kogewa shine 730 ~ 780 ℃, lokacin kogewa ba kasa da 1h ba, ƙungiyar bayan zafi na karshe shine martinite mai zafi.

2.3 kayan aiki

T91 karfe na yau da kullun zafin jiki tensile ƙarfi ≥585 MPa, yau da kullun zafin jiki submission ƙarfi ≥415 MPa, tauri ≤250 HB, elongation (misali zagaye samfurin da 50 mm m) ≥20%, yarda da damuwa darajar [σ] 650 ℃ = 30 MPa.

2.4 walda aiki

Kula da daidaitaccen carbon na T91 bisa ga tsarin da Cibiyar Walda ta Duniya ta ba da shawarar

Ana ganin cewa T91 yana da ƙarancin walda.

3 Matsaloli a lokacin walda na T91

3.1 samar da zafi tasiri yankin karfi tissue

Daga Figure 1 za a iya ganin cewa T91's mahimmanci sanyaya saurin low, Austenitic kwanciyar hankali ne mai girma, a lokacin sanyaya ba shi da sauƙi ya faru da al'ada pearl canji, saboda haka a lokacin sanyaya zuwa ƙananan zafin jiki ya faru da martensitic canji. Saboda wannan, T91 yana da karfi da sanyi sosai.

Saboda daban-daban ƙungiyoyi na zafi tasiri yankin suna da daban-daban yawa, fadada coefficients da daban-daban crystal grid siffofin, a lokacin dumama da sanyaya tsari zai zama makawa tare da daban-daban girman fadada da shrinkage; A gefe guda kuma, saboda dumama walda yana da halayen rashin daidaito da zafin jiki, matsin lamba na ciki na T91 walda yana da yawa.

Ga T91, austenite yana da kwanciyar hankali sosai don sanyaya zuwa ƙananan zafin jiki (kimanin 400 ° C) don canzawa zuwa martenite. Babban ƙwayoyin martensite suna da ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarancin. A lokaci guda, a lokacin sanyaya na walda, hydrogen ya yadu daga walda zuwa kusa da yankin walda, kasancewar hydrogen ya haifar da martensite karkatarwa, sakamakon haɗin kai yana da sauƙin samar da sanyi a yankin karkatarwa.

3.2 Heat tasiri yankin hatsi girma

Welding zafi zagaye yana da muhimmiyar tasiri a kan walda kai zafi tasiri yankin girma hatsi, musamman kusa da dumama zafin jiki ya kai mafi girma narkewa yankin. Lokacin da sanyaya gudun ne karami, a walda zafi tasiri yankin zai bayyana babban block-shaped ferrite da carbide tissue, sa karfe filastik a bayyane raguwa; Lokacin da sanyaya gudun ne mai girma, saboda samar da babban martensitic tissue, kuma zai sa walda juna filastik sauka.

3.3 samar da softening layers

T91 karfe welded a karkashin daidaitawa jihar, zafi tasiri yankin samar da softening layer makawa, kuma fiye da beaded jiki juriya zafi karfe softening mafi tsanani. Lokacin da ake amfani da ƙayyadaddun dumama da sanyaya masu jinkiri, matakin softening yana da girma. Bugu da ƙari, fadin softening layer da nesa daga layin haɗuwa, ba kawai da dangantaka da dumama yanayi da halaye na walda, har ma da pre-dumama, walda bayan zafi magani da sauransu. Harbin boiler masana'antu ya yi gwaji samun T91 walda zafi tasiri yankin tauri curve, duba Figure 2.

3.4 damuwa lalata fashewa

T91 karfe kafin welding bayan zafi magani, sanyaya zafin jiki gabaɗaya ba kasa da 100 ℃, idan sanyaya a dakin zafin jiki, yayin da muhalli ya zama m, da sauƙi ya bayyana damuwa lalata fashewa. Dokokin Jamus: Dole ne a sanyaya zuwa kasa da 150 ° C kafin sarrafa zafi bayan walda. A cikin mafi kauri workpieces, kusurwa walda seams kasancewa da kuma m geometry size yanayi, sanyaya zazzabi ba kasa da 100 ℃. Idan sanyaya a zafin jiki na ɗaki, an hana zafi sosai, in ba haka ba yana da sauƙin samar da damuwa lalata fashewa.

4 T91 karfe walda tsari

4.1 Pre-zafin zafin jiki

Tsarin MS na karfe na T91 shine kimanin 400 ℃, zafin zafin jiki na yau da kullun zaɓi ne 200 ~ 250 ℃. Pre-dumama zafin jiki ba zai iya zama da yawa, in ba haka ba haɗi sanyaya gudun rage, zai iya haifar da crystalline iyaka a walda haɗi carbide fallout da kuma samar da ferrous tissue, don haka sosai rage da karfe walda haɗi a lokacin da zafin jiki. Za a iya bayyana ƙananan iyakar zafin jiki daga gwajin plug-in da aka yi a Harbin boiler factory.

Plug gwajin sandun da aka yi amfani da T91 karfe, diamita 8 mm, zurfin 0.5 mm, da ƙasa farantin da aka yi amfani da 13CrMo karfe, kauri 20 mm, gwajin da aka yi a karkashin yanayi ba pre-dumama, pre-dumama 150 ℃, pre-dumama 200 ℃, pre-dumama 250 ℃. Welding bar da aka yi amfani da J707. Welding halin yanzu ne 165 ~ 170 A, arc ƙarfin lantarki ne 21 ~ 267 V, gwajin sakamakon kamar yadda aka nuna a Table 2.

Table 2 T91 plug gwajin sakamakon

gwajin

yanayin Sample

No Matsayin damuwa

/ MPa karya lokaci

/ min

Ba tare da zafi ba 1 303.8 9 9

2 868 8

3 176.4 8.3 1440 Ba a karya ba

Pre-dumama 150 ℃ 4 421.4 8.1 1260

5 354.8 120 Ba a karya ba

Pre-dumama 200 ℃ 6 465.2 8.6 1440 Ba a karya ba

7 482.7 8.1 438

8 539 7.9 313

Pre-dumama 250 ℃ 9 539 8.2 1440 Ba a karya ba

10 600 8.0 1440 Ba a karya ba

An san ta hanyar sakamakon gwajin da aka ambata a sama, a ƙarƙashin yanayin ba tare da zafi ba, mahimmanci matsin lamba na T91 karfe walda haɗi shine 176.4 MPa; Lokacin da pre-dumama 150 ℃, da mahimmanci matsin lamba ne 354.8 MPa, 85.4% na T91 karfe na yau da kullun zafin jiki submission iyaka 415 MPa; Lokacin da pre-dumama sama da 200 ℃, mahimmanci matsin lamba ne mafi girma fiye da 460 MPa, wuce T91 karfe al'ada zafin jiki submission iyaka. Saboda haka, don kauce wa T91 karfe walda samar da sanyi crack, pre-dumama zafin jiki dole ne ba kasa da 200 ℃, Jamus ya tsara pre-dumama zafin jiki ne 180 ~ 250 ℃, Amurka CE kamfanin ya tsara pre-dumama zafin jiki ne 120 ~ 205 ℃.

4.2 Zaɓin tsakanin layers zazzabi

Tsakiyar zafin jiki ba za ta iya kasa da ƙananan iyakar zafin jiki ba, amma kamar zaɓin zafin jiki, zafin jiki ba zai iya zama mai girma ba. T91 walda lokaci tsakanin layers zafin jiki gabaɗaya sarrafa 200 ~ 300 ℃. Faransa ka'idoji: tsakanin layers zafin jiki ba ya wuce 300 ° C. Dokokin Amurka: zafin jiki tsakanin layers zai iya zama tsakanin 170 ~ 230 ℃.

4.3 Zaɓin farawa zafin jiki bayan walda zafi magani

T91 yana buƙatar sanyaya bayan walda zuwa ƙasa da MS da kuma kiyaye wani lokaci don aikin annealing. Saurin sanyaya bayan walda shine 80 ~ 100 ℃ / h. Idan ba tare da zafi ba, ƙwayoyin austenitic na haɗin haɗin ba za su iya canzawa gaba ɗaya ba, zafi na annealing zai sa carbide ya zuba a gefen ƙarancin austenitic, irin wannan ƙwayoyin suna da rauni. Amma bayan walda na T91 ba a ba da izinin sanyaya zuwa zafin jiki na ɗaki don sake ƙonewa ba, saboda haɗarin sanyaya sanyaya a lokacin da haɗin walda yake sanyaya zuwa zafin jiki na ɗaki. Ga T91, mafi kyawun zafin jiki na farawa shine 100 ~ 150 ° C, da kuma rufe 1h, wanda zai iya tabbatar da cewa canjin ƙwayoyi ya kammala.

4.4 Zaɓin zafin jiki, zafin jiki lokaci, zafin sanyaya gudun

T91 karfe sanyi fashewa m, a karkashin wasu yanayi, da sauƙin samar da jinkiri fashewa, don haka walda haɗin dole ne a yi backfire magani a cikin 24 h bayan walda. T91 bayan welding jihar tsari ne a matsayin martensite, bayan annealing iya canzawa a matsayin annealing martensite, da aikinsa ne mafi kyau fiye da a matsayin martensite. Lokacin da annealing zazzabi ne low, annealing sakamakon ba a bayyane, walda seam karfe ne mai sauki tsoho da kuma brittle; Yanayin zafin jiki yana da yawa (fiye da layin AC1), kuma haɗin zai iya sake austenized kuma ya sake karfafa a lokacin sanyaya na gaba. A lokaci guda, kamar yadda aka bayyana a wannan labarin a baya, ƙayyade zafin jiki na annealing dole ne a la'akari da tasirin layers na softening na haɗin. Gabaɗaya, zafin jiki na T91 yana 730 ~ 780 ℃.

T91 bakin waldi bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin bakin.

Don rage ragowar damuwa na T91 karfe walda haɗi, dole ne a sarrafa sanyaya gudun kasa da 5 ℃ / min. Tsarin walda na T91 karfe ana iya nuna shi a cikin Figure 3.

① kafin dumama 200 ~ 250 ℃; ② walda, tsakanin layers zazzabi 200 ~ 300 ℃; ② sanyaya bayan walda, gudun 80 ~ 100 ℃ / h;

5 T91 karfe aikace-aikace misali a lardin Guangdong wutar lantarki tashar

Cibiyar horo ta walda ta farko ta lardin Guangdong ta yi kimantawa na walda na T91 na Φ42 mm × 5mm. An dauki pre-dumama zafin jiki ne 200 ℃, sanyaya zuwa 150 ℃ bayan walda, firing 1h bayan firing, firing zafin jiki ne 750 ~ 780 ℃, firing 1h, sanyaya gudun sama da kasa da 5 ℃ / min. Bayan walda samfurin don bayyanar dubawa, karya dubawa, ba lalacewa gwaji, yankewa da kuma karkata gwaji, sakamakon ne cancanta, wanda kuma ya nuna cewa walda tsari da aka ambata a sama ya yi tasiri.

An yi amfani da walda da aka ambata a sama a cikin nasarar amfani da shi a waje da zoben sanyi mai zafi na sanyi mai zafi na sanyi mai zafi na sanyi mai zafi na sanyi mai zafi na sanyi mai zafi na sanyi mai zafi na sanyi mai zafi. Bayan aikace-aikacen T91 karfe a cikin waɗannan tashoshin wutar lantarki, yawan hatsarin da ya haifar da zafin jiki da sauransu ya ragu sosai.

6 ƙarshe

①T91 karfe dogara da ka'idar alloying, musamman ƙara ƙananan adadin niobium, vanadium da sauran trace abubuwa, high zafin jiki ƙarfi, antioxidant resistance fiye da 12 Cr1MoV karfe da babban ingantawa, amma da walda aiki ne mafi rauni.

② plug gwajin ya nuna cewa T91 karfe yana da babban sanyi fashewa yanayin, zabin pre-dumama 200 ~ 250 ℃, tsakanin layers zafin jiki 200 ~ 300 ℃, zai iya tasiri hana sanyi fashewa samar.

②T91 bayan walda zafi magani kafin, dole ne a sanyaya zuwa 100 ~ 150 ℃, karkatarwa 1 h; firing zafi 730 ~ 780 ℃, karkatarwa lokaci ba kasa da 1 h.

② A sama walda tsari da aka yi amfani da 200 MW, 300MW boiler masana'antu samar da ayyuka, samun gamsuwa sakamako, da kuma samun babban tattalin arziki amfani. Karfe bututu ne wani dogon karfe bar tare da wani m sashe, babu seams kewaye. Karfe bututun yana da wani m sashe, da yawa amfani a matsayin bututun jigilar ruwa, kamar bututun jigilar man fetur, gas, gas, ruwa da wasu m kayan da sauransu. Karfe bututu idan aka kwatanta da m karfe kamar zagaye karfe, a lokaci guda karfin karfin karfin karfe, nauyi mai sauki, shi ne wani nau'i na karfe na tattalin arziki, wanda ake amfani da shi sosai don ƙera kayan aiki da kayan aiki na inji, kamar man fetur, motar motar motar motar motar motar motar motar motar motar motar motar motar motar motar motar motar motar motar motar motar motar motar motar Yin zobe sassa da karfe bututu, zai iya inganta kayan amfani da yawa, sauƙaƙe masana'antu tsari, ceton kayan da kuma aiki lokuta, kamar madaidaiciya bearing tufafi, jack tufafi da dai sauransu, a halin yanzu da yawa amfani da karfe bututu don yin. Karfe bututu ko wani nau'i na yau da kullun makamai muhimmanci kayan, bindiga bututu, bindiga bututu, da dai sauransu dole ne karfe bututu don yin. Ana iya raba karfe bututu daban-daban bisa ga siffar yankin cross-section zuwa zagaye bututu da kuma nau'i bututu. Saboda a cikin daidai kewaye yanayi, da zagaye yankin ne mafi girma, da zagaye bututu za a iya jigilar da mafi ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, sassan zobe yana da ƙarfi mafi daidai lokacin da yake jure matsin lamba na ciki ko na waje, saboda haka, mafi yawan bututun karfe suna da zagaye. Alloy bututun nauyi lissafi formula: [(waje diamita - bango kauri) * bango kauri] * 0.02466 = kg / m (nauyi a kowace mita)